Law Summary
Human Relations Principles
- Persons must act with justice, honesty, and good faith.
- Tortfeasors are liable for damage caused by intentional or negligent acts.
- Acts against morals, public policy require indemnity.
- Contracts and legal relations must protect parties at moral disadvantage.
- The courts may restrain thoughtless extravagance during public emergencies.
- Acts invading privacy or causing vexation create rights to damages.
- Public servants' refusal to perform duties may lead to damages.
- Unfair competition through oppressive methods is actionable.
- Civil actions for damages may be separate from criminal cases.
- Protection of fundamental rights is vital and violations can trigger civil actions.
Persons and Civil Personality
- Juridical capacity is inherent to natural persons.
- Capacity to act may be restricted due to age, mental state, etc., but obligated in certain relations.
- Birth determines all legal personality; a conceived child has protections.
- Juridical persons include the state, public institutions, and corporations.
- Juridical persons can acquire rights and property.
- Upon dissolution of public corporations, assets are disposed per laws or for regional benefit.
Citizenship and Domicile
- Citizens include those at the time of Constitution, natural-born from Filipino parents, and naturalized persons.
- Citizenship changes governed by special laws.
- Domicile for natural persons is habitual residence.
- Domicile of juridical persons is legal representation or principal place of business.
Marriage Requirements and Validity
- Marriage is an inviolable social institution governed by law.
- Requisites: legal capacity, free consent, authority of solemnizer, and license except exceptional cases.
- Minimum age: male 16 years, female 14 years.
- Modes of solemnization include justice officials, mayors, clergy, military and consular officers.
- Marriage must be solemnized publicly except exceptional cases.
- Marriage licenses issued after due application and publication.
- Certain marriages are void: underage, without license, bigamous, incestuous, etc.
- Voidable marriages include those with lack of consent, unsound mind, fraud, or force.
- Procedures for annulment and legal separation are duly provided.
Property Relations of Spouses
- Properties owned separately or jointly depend on marriage settlements or default rules.
- Conjugal partnership of gains: shared profits from separate property during marriage.
- Wife retains exclusive administration of paraphernal property unless transferred.
- Contractual stipulations regulate management and dissolution.
- Legal separation and annulment have financial and legal effects.
Succession and Testate Laws
- Succession transfers property and obligations upon death.
- Testamentary succession valid when executed per law; intestate applies otherwise.
- Efforts to protect compulsory heirs' legitime share.
- Institution, substitution, disinheritance, and legacies governed by precision rules.
- Contracts of donation, collation, and partition are detailed.
Obligations and Contracts
- Obligations arise from law, contracts, quasi-contracts, delicts.
- Nature includes pure, conditional, alternative, joint, solidary, divisible, penal.
- Extinction via payment, loss, remission, merger, compensation, novation.
- Contract essentials: consent, object, lawful cause.
- Remedies for defects in consent (mistake, fraud, violence) provided.
- Forms and enforceability rules including statute of frauds.
Sales and Loans
- Sale: transfer of ownership of determinate thing for certain price.
- Form, capacity, effects of contract described extensively.
- Obligations and warranties of vendor and vendee enumerated.
- Remedies for breach, loss, and defects of goods described.
- Loans distinguished including commodatum and simple loan.
Agency, Partnership, Trusts
- Agency created by consent with authority; duties and liabilities specified.
- Partnership: shared contributions and profits, with separate personality.
- Rules on formation, duties, management, dissolution, and winding up.
- Limited partnerships distinctly regulated.
- Express and implied trusts recognized with specified effects.
Extra-Contractual Obligations
- Quasi-contracts prevent unjust enrichment.
- Quasi-delicts impose liability for damages from fault or negligence.
- Supports, estoppel, natural obligations clarified.
Damages
- Types: actual, moral, nominal, temperate, liquidated, exemplary.
- Assessment principles include foreseeability, contributory negligence.
- Moral damages cover physical and mental suffering.
- Exemplary damages for bad faith or gross negligence.
Preference and Order of Credits
- Creditors' claims on specific or general property ranked.
- Preference for taxes, laborers' claims, mortgagees, etc.
- Order of execution and insolvency rules applied.
Transitional Provisions
- Rights under previous laws are preserved unless impaired.
- Provisions affecting civil status and family relations apply retroactively.
- New rules govern actions and procedures from effectivity onward.
This summary encapsulates the key provisions and concepts of the published Civil Code of the Philippines as per the detailed articles presented.