Law
Commonwealth Act No. 178
Decision Date
Nov 13, 1936
An amendment to an agricultural tenancy law in the Philippines allows parties to enter into agreements as long as they comply with existing laws, and imposes obligations on tenants to cultivate the land responsibly, use official weights and measures, and only applies to rice lands.

Coverage and parties affected

  • The legal rules apply to landlords and tenants in rice lands under Act No. 4054, as amended by Commonwealth Act No. 178.
  • The rules govern tenancy contracts between contracting parties and the resulting rights and obligations for landlord-tenant relations on rice lands.

Contract rules and evidentiary effect

  • Section 7 governs rules governing tenancy contracts in any tenancy contract mentioned in Act No. 4054.
  • Contracting parties are free to enter into any or all kinds of agreements or stipulations in tenancy contracts.
  • Freedom to contract is limited to stipulations not contrary to existing laws, customs, morals and public policy.
  • A tenancy contract is conclusive evidence of what has been agreed upon between the contracting parties.
  • The conclusive nature of the contract is not applied in cases of fraud or error.
  • If fraud or error is claimed, stipulations must be denounced or impugned within thirty days from its registration in the office of the municipal treasurer, following Section 5 of Act No. 4054.

Official weights and measures

  • Section 15 requires the use of official weights and measures of the Government.
  • The requirement applies to all transactions entered into between landlords and tenants on agricultural products.
  • The requirement applies whether the transaction involves contracting a debt or making payment of the debt.

Tenant standard of conduct

  • Section 23 imposes on the tenant an obligation to cultivate the farm as “a good father of the family.”
  • The tenant must do all work necessary to obtain the greatest possible returns from the farm entrusted to him.
  • The tenant must perform necessary farm tasks such as proper preparation of the soil and cutting of shrubs and grasses growing on the land.
  • The tenant must also do repair of dikes as part of required cultivation.
  • The tenant must take reasonable care of work animals delivered by the landlord.
  • The tenant is liable for their death or physical incapacity if it results from the tenant’s negligence.

Final provisions and implementation duties

  • Section 29 provides that the act applies to relations between landlords and tenants of rice lands only.
  • Section 29 sets effectivity through presidential proclamation upon recommendation of the Secretary of Labor, when public interests so require, and specifies municipal dates in the proclamation.
  • Once enforced, the act’s effects may be similarly suspended by the same mechanism.
  • The act must be translated into local languages of the municipalities where its provisions apply.
  • The municipal treasurer concerned must ensure a sufficient number of copies are printed for free distribution to persons who request them.

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