Facts:

The case involves petitioners Liberata Ambito, Basilio Ambito, and Crisanto Ambito against the People of the Philippines and the Court of Appeals. The events unfolded in Iloilo City, where the Regional Trial Court (RTC) found the Ambitos guilty of multiple charges related to financial fraud and dishonored checks. Basilio and Liberata Ambito owned two rural banks, namely the Community Rural Bank of Leon, Inc. and the Rural Bank of Banate, Inc., as well as a commercial establishment named Casette Enterprises, which procured farm implements for agricultural loan borrowers. In 1979, the Ambitos conducted transactions with Pacific Star, Inc. (PSI), purchasing various machinery and making down payments with checks which were later dishonored for insufficient funds.

The specific dishonored checks included amounts totaling over P173,000. These transactions necessitated various certificates of time deposit from their banks, which were procured under questionable circumstances. Liberata A

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Facts:

Parties and Background

• Petitioners: Liberata Ambito, Basilio Ambito, and Crisanto Ambito.
• Respondents: People of the Philippines and the Court of Appeals.
• The case arose from convictions rendered by the Regional Trial Court (RTC) of Iloilo City, Branch 26, and subsequently affirmed by the Court of Appeals (CA).

Business Relationships and Banking Operations

• Basilio Ambito and Liberata Ambito were principal owners of two rural banks in Iloilo:
• Community Rural Bank of Leon, Inc. (located in Leon).
• Rural Bank of Banate, Inc. (located in Banate).
• The Ambitos also owned Casette (Kajzette) Enterprises—engaged in procuring farm implements for loan borrowers of the banks.
• The banks maintained a commercial relationship with Pacific Star, Inc. (PSI), which supplied Yanmar machineries and spare parts.

Transactions and the Use of Checks and Certificates

• In 1979, the Ambito spouses purchased equipment from PSI, making down payments via cash, checks, or certificates of time deposit (CTDs) issued by their banks.
• A series of checks issued by Basilio Ambito for these transactions were dishonored for insufficiency of funds.
• Several check numbers with specific dates and amounts were noted (e.g., Check No. 79173946, Check No. 79175930, etc.).
• The dishonor raised issues as to whether sufficient funds backed the checks at the time of issuance.
• Simultaneously, blank CTDs were obtained by the Ambitos through irregular practices:
• Cashiers at both banks—Marilyn Traje at Rural Bank of Banate, Inc. and Reynaldo Baron at Community Rural Bank of Leon, Inc.—were coerced into signing blank certificates of time deposit.
• These blank certificates were subsequently filled in with specific deposit amounts and used as down payments in transactions with PSI.
• Pressure tactics and threats of job loss were employed, leading to resignations and subsequent revelations during Central Bank investigation.

Anomalies, Bank Receivership, and Subsequent Criminal Charges

• The anomalous issuance of CTDs and bounced checks contributed to the insolvency of both banks, prompting the Central Bank of the Philippines to declare receivership and liquidation.
• Investigation by bank examiners uncovered that the CTDs issued against PSI were unfunded and not supported by actual deposits.
• PSI suffered damage equivalent to the full value of the machineries and spare parts supplied, resulting in criminal charges against the Ambitos:
• Basilio Ambito faced multiple counts of violation of Batas Pambansa Blg. 22 (BP 22).
• Both Basilio and Liberata Ambito were charged with the complex offense of Estafa through Falsification of Commercial Documents.
• Crisanto Ambito was indicted for Falsification of Commercial Documents.

Trial Court, CA Proceedings, and Initiation of the Petition for Review

• The RTC rendered a decision convicting the accused on various charges and imposing prison sentences, fines, and directives to indemnify PSI for civil damages.
• The CA affirmed the RTC’s judgment in a decision dated March 29, 1996, with costs imposed against the petitioners.
• Petitioners pursued a Motion for Reconsideration, which was ultimately rejected, leading to an appeal before the Supreme Court via a Petition for Review on Certiorari.
• The Supreme Court’s procedural history included multiple resolutions and extensions related to the submission of memoranda by both parties.

Issue:

Sufficiency of Evidence in Establishing Violations of BP 22

• Whether the prosecution established beyond reasonable doubt that Basilio Ambito had knowledge of the insufficient funds at the time of issuing the checks.
• Whether proper notice of dishonor was given to the accused as required by law.

Elements and Sufficiency of Evidence for Estafa through Falsification of Commercial Documents

• Whether the falsification of CTDs, used in transactions with PSI, amounted to a fraudulent act executed prior to or simultaneous with the commission of estafa.
• Whether the false representations contained in the CTDs induced PSI to part with its money or property.

Procedural and Evidentiary Requirements

• Whether the absence of a written notice of dishonor deprived the accused of the opportunity to cure the payment or make arrangements, thereby negating a key element of BP 22.
• Whether the trial court’s findings—especially regarding the evidence on record of notification and payment failures—were sufficiently supported.

Distinction between Criminal and Civil Liabilities

• Whether an acquittal on criminal charges (as in BP 22) also extinguishes any civil liability for the same dishonored checks.

Ruling:

• (Subscriber-Only)

Ratio:

• (Subscriber-Only)

Doctrine:

• (Subscriber-Only)